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工業(yè)革命前的英國
工業(yè)革命前的英國 England Before the Industrial Revolution
1．在農(nóng)村，人們從早到晚都得干活，勞動者并不是沐浴在陽光下，而是生活在貧困和黑暗之中。
The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark, and the labourer lived not in the sun, but in poverty and darkness .
2．那些幫助減輕勞動的機械都不知從哪個時代就有了,比如磨坊，在喬叟的時代就已經(jīng)是古老的了.
What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial , like the mill, which was already ancient in Chaucer’s time .
3．而工業(yè)革命就是從這些機械開始的，修造磨坊的匠人就是開創(chuàng)新時代的工程師。
The Industrial Revolution began with such machines ; the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age .
4．斯坦福郡的詹姆斯·布林德雷，出身于貧苦的農(nóng)村家庭;一七三三年，他十七歲，就招收改良磨坊的車輪，從而開始
了他那自我奮斗的生涯。
James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels , at the age of
seventeen ,having been born poor in a village .
5．布林德雷所做的改良是很實際的：改良并加強水車的實際功能。這是為新工業(yè)提供的第一部多功能機器。
Brindley’s improvements were practical : to sharpen and step up the performance of the water wheel as a machine . It was
the first multi-purpose machine for the new industries . Brindley worked ,
6．例如，布林德雷努力的改良燧石的碾磨過程，燧石是新興的陶瓷工業(yè)有用的材料。
For example , to improve the grinding of flints , which were used in the rising pottery industry .
7．然而，到了一七五0年，一場更大的運動已經(jīng)在醞釀之中。
Yet there was a bigger movement in the air by 1750 .
8．水成了工程師們大顯身手的對象，想布林德雷這樣的人對它都著了迷。
Water had become the engineers’ element , and men like Brindley were possessed by it .
9．水在農(nóng)村到處涌流漫溢。
Water was gushing and fanning out all over the countryside .
10．它不僅是一種能源，而且?guī)砹艘粓鲂碌倪\動。
It was not simply a source of power , it was a new wave of movement .
11．布林德雷是第一文庫網(wǎng)運河的先驅(qū)者，當(dāng)時人們把開鑿運河叫做navigation.
James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or ,as it was then called , ‘navigation’.
12．布林德雷在為他的磨坊和礦井建筑工程到處奔走的時候，出于自愿和興趣，對沿途經(jīng)過的河道進行了勘察。
Brindley had begun on his own account ,out of interest , to survey the waterways that he travelled as he went about his
engineering projects for mills and mines .
13．于是布里奇瓦特公爵就讓他開一條運河，以便把煤從公爵在烏斯利擁有的礦井運往新興城市曼徹斯特……
The Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Duke’ pits at Worsley to the rising town of
Manchester……
14．布林德雷還更加大膽第用運河把曼徹斯特同利物浦聯(lián)結(jié)起來，修鑿了總長度為四百英里的遍布全英國的運河網(wǎng)。 Brindley went on to connect Manchester with Liverpool in an even bolder manner ,and in all laid out almost four hundred
miles of canals in a network all over England .
15．在修建英國運河網(wǎng)的過程中，有兩點是非常突出的，而這兩點也正是整個工業(yè)革命的特點。
Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals , and they characterise all the Industrial
Revolution .
16．首先法中這場革命的都是些實干家。同布林德雷一樣，他們都一般都沒有受過什么教育。
One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men . Like Brindley , they often had little education .
17．事實上，當(dāng)時那種學(xué)校教育也只能窒息人的創(chuàng)造性。
and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind
18．按規(guī)定文法學(xué)校只能講授古典學(xué)科，這些學(xué)校的辦學(xué)宗旨本開就是如此。
The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded .
19．大學(xué)（當(dāng)時只有兩所，一所牛津，一所劍橋）對現(xiàn)代的或科學(xué)的學(xué)科也不怎么感興趣；這兩所學(xué)校還把
不信奉英國國教的人關(guān)在門外。
The universities also (there were only two , at Oxford and Cambridge ) took little interest in modern or scientific
studies ;and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England .
20．第二個突出的特點是：新發(fā)明都是為日常生活服務(wù)的。運河是交通的動脈，開運河不是為了走游艇，而是為了通
行駁船。
The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use .The canals were arteries of
communication : They were not made to carry pleasure boats ,but barges .
21．而駁船也不是為了運送奢侈品，而是為了運送瓦罐鐵鍋、成包的棉布、成箱的緞帶，以及那些只花了個把便士便
能買到的各式日用品。
And the barges were not made to carry luxuries ,but pots and pans and bales of cloth ,boxes of ribbon , and all the
common things that people buy by the pennyworth .
22．這些物品都是在遠(yuǎn)離倫敦漸漸發(fā)展成為城鎮(zhèn)的農(nóng)村制造的。這是一場全國范圍的貿(mào)易。
These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now , away from London ;it was a
country-wide trade .
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