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考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解 動(dòng)名詞
動(dòng)名詞是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,它的形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同,具有名詞和動(dòng)詞的某些特征,它可以帶賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),在句中不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)。
一、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)
以動(dòng)詞do為例:
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 從上述表格可以看出,動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)完全相同,而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的區(qū)別主要是用法上的區(qū)別。動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,用法卻大相徑庭,動(dòng)名詞一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,而動(dòng)名詞的完成式則表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生。
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted與blaming所表示動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。動(dòng)名詞blaming在句中作賓語(yǔ),it was his own fault是discovered的賓語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 堅(jiān)金先生后悔責(zé)怪秘書(shū)了,因?yàn)樗髞?lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)是自己的過(guò)錯(cuò)。
例句: ——Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
——That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示動(dòng)作在動(dòng)詞admit 前已經(jīng)發(fā)生)
分析: 前一分句是一復(fù)合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的賓語(yǔ),后一分句是一簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: ——你查出是誰(shuí)把我的手表盜走了嗎?
——那個(gè)孩子不承認(rèn)是他干的。
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞appreciated之前已發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 我很感謝兩年前給我出國(guó)進(jìn)修的機(jī)會(huì)。
二、動(dòng)名詞的用法(Usage)
。ㄒ唬┏洚(dāng)主語(yǔ)
例句: Knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.
。ㄟx自2009年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主語(yǔ)中what you?re good at作knowing的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅長(zhǎng)并且更多地去實(shí)踐就能創(chuàng)造輝煌。
例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (1998年第6題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 做作業(yè)是提高你考試成績(jī)的有效之策;對(duì)于隨堂測(cè)試,該方法尤為可靠。
。ǘ┏洚(dāng)表語(yǔ)
例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的賓語(yǔ),短語(yǔ)keep sth. in mind意為“牢記……”。
譯文: 我們應(yīng)切實(shí)牢記我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 讀書(shū)是學(xué)習(xí),但使用也是學(xué)習(xí),而且是更重要的學(xué)習(xí)。
。ㄈ┏洚(dāng)賓語(yǔ)
例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (選自2007年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。help kids practice...與help them apply...是兩并列謂語(yǔ)。
譯文: 在家中的討論可以幫助孩子練習(xí)這些事情,也可以幫助他們把這些技能應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活中去。
例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(2005年第50題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。
譯文: 在應(yīng)對(duì)如此大規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí),我們可以毫不夸張地說(shuō):“聯(lián)合,我們就生存;分裂,我們就滅亡”。
。ㄋ模┏洚(dāng)定語(yǔ)
例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that could drive walking tractor是修飾the only person的定語(yǔ)從句,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which made most of the villagers jealous修飾的是前面整個(gè)句子。
譯文: 他過(guò)去是村里唯一會(huì)開(kāi)拖拉機(jī)的人,這令大多數(shù)村民羨慕不已。
例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修飾a listening room。
譯文: 工人們正在修建的語(yǔ)音室將在本學(xué)期末竣工。
三、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ),表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。能作動(dòng)名詞邏輯主語(yǔ)的詞類(lèi)有:物主代詞、名詞所有格(即名詞所加“’s”,復(fù)數(shù)名詞后以“s”結(jié)尾的,在其后加“’”)、名詞通格(主格)或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格。
例句: Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen. (1997年第2題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。nowhere置于句首引起倒裝,owing to...在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
譯文: 自然界中的任何地方都找不到游離態(tài)的鋁,因?yàn)樗偸桥c其他元素,即最常見(jiàn)的是氧元素結(jié)合在一起。
注意:
。1) 當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命名詞或較長(zhǎng)名詞詞組時(shí),通常用名詞通格(即主格)。
例句: Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.(1999年第1題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)economic recovery being just around the corner在句中作介詞about的賓語(yǔ),economic recovery作動(dòng)名詞being的邏輯主語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)with half an eye on the unemployment figures作定語(yǔ)修飾anyone。
譯文: 任何人只要一看這些失業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)便知關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇即將來(lái)臨的言論是不正確的。
例句: I don’t like Jack and Tom speaking ill of each other in public places.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。Jack and Tom作speaking ill的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
譯文: 我不愿聽(tīng)到杰克和湯姆在公眾場(chǎng)合說(shuō)彼此壞話。
。2) 當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是someone, somebody, none, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代詞或this,that指示代詞時(shí),通常用名詞通格(即主格)。
例句: Just when I was going to sleep, I was awakened by somebody knocking on the door.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。somebody作動(dòng)名詞knocking的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
譯文: 我正要入睡時(shí),有人敲門(mén)吵醒了我。
例句: I disapproved of that being said about the teacher, for he has his own good point.
分析: 該句是并列句。指示代詞that作動(dòng)名詞being said的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
譯文: 我不同意對(duì)老師那樣的評(píng)價(jià),因?yàn)樗灿兴膬?yōu)點(diǎn)。
(3) 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)用屬格(即物主代詞或名詞所有格)。
例句: The student’s knowing French well helped him a lot in learning English.
譯文: 掌握法語(yǔ)對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)有很大的幫助。
四、動(dòng)名詞的否定形式
動(dòng)名詞的否定形式與分詞否定形式一樣,由動(dòng)名詞前加not構(gòu)成。
例句: She always has dozens of excellent excuses for not being able to help you.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。not being able to help you是動(dòng)名詞的否定形式。
譯文: 對(duì)于未能幫助你,她總是有太多借口。
例句: She is considering not asking her mother to send her to the airport.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。not asking...作considering的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 她正在考慮不讓母親送她去機(jī)場(chǎng)。
五、常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)
常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞:
admit, advise, avoid, appreciate, acknowledge, allow, anticipate, consider, complete, contemplate(預(yù)期、企圖),defer, delay, deny, detest(厭惡), dread, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, endure, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, facilitate(促進(jìn)), imagine, include, miss, mind, mention, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, quit, recall, resent(怨恨), resist, risk, suggest, understand
動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):
can’t help, give up, leave off(停止), look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, aim at, insist on, persist in, stick to, be good at, do well in, depend on, feel like, be tired(afraid/capable) of, accustomed to, agree to, confess to(承認(rèn)), submit to, see to, be(get/become) used to, devote oneself to, prefer...to, adapt(adjust) to, apply to
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