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考研英語 語法精解 代詞
指示代詞
(一)this,that和these,those
指示代詞this和that的復(fù)數(shù)形式分別為these和those,在句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語,this和these表示較近的空間或時(shí)間,that和those表示較遠(yuǎn)的空間和時(shí)間。
例句: In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 過去林業(yè)工人多半是男人,可如今從事這一行業(yè)的婦女人數(shù)在增加。
例句: We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004年第62題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為We are obliged to them。because引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語從句,定語從句who spoke them修飾the peoples,as引導(dǎo)的句子可以看做插入語,補(bǔ)充說明 some of these languages have since vanished的原因。
譯文: 我們之所以感激他們(兩位先驅(qū)),是因?yàn)樵诖艘院,這些語言中有一些已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了,這是由于使用這些語言的民族或是消亡了,或是被同化而喪失了自己的本族語言。
。ǘ┲甘敬~that和those也可用于比較結(jié)構(gòu),表示前面提到的東西,避免重復(fù)
例句: The number of registered participants in this year?s marathon was half that of last year?s. (1996年第7題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句的主語是單數(shù)名詞number,因此后面指代它的代詞只能是單數(shù)that,謂語用單數(shù)。
譯文: 今年登記參加馬拉松賽跑的人數(shù)是去年的一半。
例句: His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006年第47題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為His function is analogous to that of a judge。定語從句who must accept...修飾a judge,介詞短語in as obvious a matter as possible作狀語,用來說明reveal的方式,另一個(gè)定語從句which led him to his decision修飾the course of reasoning。
譯文: 他的職責(zé)與法官相似,必須承擔(dān)這樣的責(zé)任: 用盡可能明了的方式來展示自己作出決定的推理過程。
例句: These bunches of flowers are more beautiful than those we bought yesterday.
譯文: 這些束花比昨天我們買的那些花漂亮多了。
。ㄈ┲甘敬~such在句中作主語、表語和定語
例句: Such is what you want me to do.
Such are the meanings of authentic love.
(such作表語時(shí),往往置于句首)
注意: such用作定語時(shí)和副詞so的區(qū)別在前面副詞一節(jié)中已提到。
。ㄋ模┲甘敬~same的用法
在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語,其前與定冠詞the連用。
例句: Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. (選自1996年Cloze Test)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 因?yàn)槭怯赏瑯拥脑貥?gòu)成——通常是碳、氫、氧,有時(shí)還有氮,所以各種維生素都很相似。
六、疑問代詞
疑問代詞用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句,其中who(whom/whose)指人,what指物,which指選擇對(duì)象。
例句: What?s the difference between love and fondness or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? (選自2007年Text 2)
分析: 該句是由or連接的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句(特殊疑問句)。
譯文: 愛情與喜歡有什么區(qū)別,幸運(yùn)和巧合的本質(zhì)是什么?
七、關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞包括who(whom,whose),that和which。that只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,其他關(guān)系代詞既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,具體用法詳見定語從句一節(jié)。
八、不定代詞
(一)both,all
1. both用于兩者,all用于三者及三者以上,其后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),在句中可作主語、賓語、定語和同位語。
例句: Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,suggest是主句的謂語動(dòng)詞,that Indians and their neighbors...是一個(gè)賓語從句。
譯文: 來自兩個(gè)地區(qū)的史前遺跡中的類似成分表明: 印度人和他們的鄰居甚至在公元前1500年前就維持著遙遠(yuǎn)但真實(shí)的聯(lián)系。
例句: In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far?reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000年第74題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,whereas連接兩個(gè)并列分句,其中前一個(gè)分句的主句部分為the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介詞短語with...為主語補(bǔ)足語,定語從句that followed修飾changes。
譯文: 在早先實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中,其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來的對(duì)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)有深遠(yuǎn)影響的變革延續(xù)了將近一個(gè)世紀(jì),而現(xiàn)如今,一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家只用十年左右的時(shí)間就可以經(jīng)歷同樣的過程。
2. all作代詞時(shí),其后謂語動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。
例句: All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分是All the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修飾the information的定語從句。
譯文: 我們搜集到的與那件事有關(guān)的所有信息都是沒有意義的。
例句: All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.
譯文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去開會(huì)了。
3. both,all,every和not連用時(shí)表示部分否定。
例句 :But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system(the“emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (選自2005年Text 3)
分析: 該句是由分號(hào)及while連接的并列句,分號(hào)相當(dāng)于連詞and,not all...表示部分否定。
譯文: 但并不是大腦的所有部分都參與活動(dòng),控制情緒的大腦部位異;钴S,然而控制智力和推理能力的前額皮質(zhì)卻相對(duì)平靜。
例句: Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (選自2002年Use of English)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 不是每個(gè)人都能正確看待這個(gè)過程。
(二)either, neither, any, each, none, every, some
1. either和neither是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“兩者中任何一個(gè)都(不)”,作名詞或形容詞。
用法為:
either (neither) of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)
either (neither)+單數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)
如:Either/Neither of these stories (either/neither story) he told us is as attractive and instructive as that one.
例句: Neither kind of sleep is at all well?understood, but REM (rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 人們對(duì)這兩種睡眠都沒有完全了解,但認(rèn)為快速眼動(dòng)睡眠有使大腦恢復(fù)的功能。
2. either指兩者中的任何一個(gè),僅限兩者,而each用于兩者以上;either和both可互換使用,但both強(qiáng)調(diào)整體。
例句: The relationship between Latin American music and black music in the United States is evident in the unaccented beats that are common to either/both.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that are common to either/both修飾beats。
譯文: 拉丁美洲音樂同美國(guó)黑人音樂的關(guān)系明顯地表現(xiàn)在這兩種音樂各自存在著無重音 節(jié)拍這一共同點(diǎn)上。
例句: We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 我們也希望每個(gè)地方都恰如其分。
3. any和none是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)都(不)”,其后謂語動(dòng)詞 的單復(fù)數(shù)參看例句。
例句: Although Professor Green?s lectures usually run over the fifty?minute period, none of his students ever object(s)as they find his lectures both informative and interesting.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 雖然格林教授的課通常超過規(guī)定的50分鐘,但他的學(xué)生從無一人表示反對(duì),因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)現(xiàn)格林的課既富有知識(shí)性又有趣。
例句: If any man here does not agree with me, he should put forward his own p
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