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妙招擊破考研英語閱讀詞匯
考研閱讀文章詞義巧破解詞匯的理解對考研閱讀的意義不言而喻。但個別詞不認識并不妨礙理解，有時遇到生詞還要學(xué)會跳過去。除了其他破解詞義的方法外，根據(jù)上下文的線索尋找等價或反義結(jié)構(gòu)是一個很有效的方法。所謂等價結(jié)構(gòu)，就是意義相同的結(jié)構(gòu)。而反義結(jié)構(gòu)就是意義相反的結(jié)構(gòu)。對文章中的一個部分不理解時，可以根據(jù)這一部分的上下文判斷意義。上下文有時和不理解的部分構(gòu)成同義關(guān)系，不理解部分的意義就是上下文的意義。反之，上下文有時和不理解部分構(gòu)成反義關(guān)系，那么，不理解部分的意義就是上下文意義的反面。等價結(jié)構(gòu)包含多種，本文主要介紹并列結(jié)構(gòu)。一般而言，并列結(jié)構(gòu)常表示并列的兩部分意義相同。本文討論的反義結(jié)構(gòu)主要是包含連詞如but, while等的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們常表示兩部分意義相反。下面以2005年考研閱讀的文章為例說明如何根據(jù)等價結(jié)構(gòu)或反義結(jié)構(gòu)把握句子意義。
一、等價結(jié)構(gòu)
Text 1(2005)
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
[分析] 等價結(jié)構(gòu)一：fat 呼應(yīng)bigger
等價結(jié)構(gòu)二：outraged=grievance（兩句之間是遞進結(jié)構(gòu)）。
等價結(jié)構(gòu)三：“all too human”=other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance（逗號之后為解釋）
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
[分析] 等價結(jié)構(gòu)：resentment=Indeed之前句子所表達的意思，因為Indeed表示遞進。
Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.
[分析] 等價結(jié)構(gòu)：preserve= alone（由not…alone結(jié)構(gòu)可知）。
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
[分析] 等價結(jié)構(gòu)：stems from=evolved（or連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)）。
Text 3(2005)
And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
[分析] 等價結(jié)構(gòu)：harnessed=brought under conscious control（not only…but連接遞進結(jié)構(gòu)）。
Text 4(2005)
Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
[分析] 等價結(jié)構(gòu)：no more regrettable=natural （and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)）
Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.
[分析] 等價結(jié)構(gòu)：genre=form（表語結(jié)構(gòu)提示意義相同；實際上，genre與form之間是種屬關(guān)系，genre是一種form）
he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful
[分析] 等價結(jié)構(gòu)：grieving=loss of something beautiful（對美麗事物的消失，一般應(yīng)該感到惋惜，由此可知grieving的意思就是“惋惜”）。
二、反義結(jié)構(gòu)
Text 1(2005)
when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：separate 與adjoining意思相反（二者由but連接）
Text 4(2005)
While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：elevated 與modestly意思相反（句首的while even提示相反意義）。
In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：spontaneity 與craft意思相反（over連接兩個相對或相反的方面）。
注：本文撰寫時參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國廣播電視出版社出版）。
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