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高一英語知識點總結(jié)

時間:2024-06-30 19:43:18 總結(jié) 我要投稿

人教版高一英語知識點總結(jié)

  總結(jié)是事后對某一階段的學(xué)習(xí)、工作或其完成情況加以回顧和分析的一種書面材料,它可以有效鍛煉我們的語言組織能力,我想我們需要寫一份總結(jié)了吧。那么總結(jié)要注意有什么內(nèi)容呢?下面是小編整理的人教版高一英語知識點總結(jié),歡迎閱讀與收藏。

人教版高一英語知識點總結(jié)

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇1

  一、單詞

  1、重點單詞講解。

  (1)add

  ① add …to…把…添加…/把…加起來

 、 add up to共計,總共

  ③ add to增添

  (2)upset

  過去式:upset過去分詞:upset現(xiàn)在分詞:upsetting

  adj.心煩意亂的,不安的,不適的

  be upset about/over為某事心煩、不安

  be upset that心煩

  vt.使不安,使心煩

  It upsets sb that讓某人心煩的是

  It upsets sb to do sth做某事使某人不安

  (3)concern

  vt.使擔(dān)心,顧慮,涉及,關(guān)系到

  n.擔(dān)心,關(guān)注,利害關(guān)系

 、賏s far as sb/sth + be concerned就某人而言,對于某人來說

  as far as I am concerned就我而言,對于我來說

  as far as he is concerned對他來說

  as far as English is concerned關(guān)于英語,對于英語

 、赽e concerned about/for關(guān)心,掛念

  have no concerned about/for

 、踒e concerned in/with涉及到,與…有關(guān)

  have no concerned in/with

  (4)go through

 、俳(jīng)歷,遭受,忍受go through one difficulty after another.經(jīng)歷一個又一個困難。

 、谧屑殭z查,審查go through your paper檢查你的試卷。

 、蹫g覽,翻閱go through all the related reference.瀏覽相關(guān)資料。

 、芡ㄟ^,穿過=pass through go through a great forest.穿過一片大森林。

  ⑤完成go through the task.完成任務(wù)。

  (5)suffer

 、賡uffer作“遭受”時,后面直接接pain, loss, injury, harm或punishment.

 、趕uffer作“受…苦”時,常常搭配:suffer from

  (6)get/be tired of厭煩…

  get/be/feel tired of sb / sth / doing sth厭煩

  be tired from由于…而疲勞(體力上的疲勞),側(cè)重原因

  be tired out精疲力竭的`

  (7)join in參加,加入

  區(qū)別join ,join in ,attend與take part in:

  join:多指加入組織,團體,黨派等,有作為其中一員的意思。例:join the army參軍

  join in:參加某項游戲,活動,討論等。常用結(jié)構(gòu):join sb in

  例:Will you join us in a walk?

  attend:參加會議,婚禮,葬禮,上課,講座,聽報告等。

  例:attend a lecture參加一個講座。

  take part in:多指參加群眾性的活動,運動,戰(zhàn)爭等。

  例:take part in the march.

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇2

  一.直接引語和間接引語

  (一)直接引述別人的原話,叫做直接引語;用自己話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,叫做間接引語。間接引語一般構(gòu)成賓語從句。直接引語必須放在引號內(nèi),間接引語則不用引號。直接引語改為間接引語時,除將引語部分變成賓語從句外,還必須對直接引語中的人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等進行改變。

  1.時態(tài)的變化:直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時,通常受轉(zhuǎn)述動詞said, asked等的影響而使用過去化的時態(tài),即把原來的時態(tài)向過去推,也就是一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時,現(xiàn)在進行時變?yōu)檫^去進行時,等等。例如:

  Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”

  →Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.

  2.人稱代詞、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等等的變化:根據(jù)意義進行相應(yīng)的`變化,例如:

  She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”

  →She asked Jack where he had been.

  He said,“These books are mine.”

  →He said that those books were his.

  (二)直接引語改為間接引語時,都使用陳述語序,但是因為原句的句式不同,所以變成間接引語時所用的連詞會有所不同。直接引語如果是一般疑問句,用連接詞whether或if;如果是特殊疑問句,則用疑問詞引導(dǎo)間接引語。轉(zhuǎn)述的動詞一般用asked,可以在其后加上一個間接賓語me, him, her, us等。如:

  She said,“Is your father at home?”

  →She asked me if/whether my father was at home.

  “What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.

  →My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.

  直接引語如果是祈使句,改為間接引語時,要將祈使句的動詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式,并在不定式的前面根據(jù)原句的語氣(即請求或命令)加上ask, tell, order等動詞,如果祈使句為否定式,則在不定式前加not。其句型為:ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something.例如:

  She said to us,“Please sit down.”

  →She asked us to sit down.

  He said to him,“Go away!”

  →He ordered him to go away.

  He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”

  →He told the boys not to make so much noise.

  二.各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)

  被動語態(tài)概述

  被動語態(tài)的概念:它是動詞的一種形式,表示主語與謂語之間的執(zhí)行或被執(zhí)行關(guān)系。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者,例如:They saw the little boy crying by the river.被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的承受者,例如:The little boy was seen crying by the river.

  被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

  被動語態(tài)的形式是由“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)等的不同而變化。幾種常見時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式如下:

  1.一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are +過去分詞

  例如:Rice is planted in the south of China.

  2.一般過去時was/were +過去分詞

  例如:These trees were planted the year before last.

  3.一般將來時will/shall + be +過去分詞

  例如:A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.

  4.現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are + being +過去分詞

  例如:Your radio is being repaired now.

  5.過去進行時was/were + being +過去分詞

  When he got there, the problem was being discussed.

  6.現(xiàn)在完成時have/has + been +過去分詞

  His work has been finished.

  Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.

  7.過去完成時had + been +過去分詞

  注意:

  1.除了be之外的其它系動詞如get, stay等也可以和過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。例如:Their questions haven’t got answered.

  2.含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變成被動語態(tài)使用“情態(tài)動詞+ be +過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

  More attention should be paid to the old in this country.

  This work can’t be done until Mr. Black comes.

  3.含有“be going to”, “be to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語,其被動語態(tài)分別用“be going to + be +過去分詞”和“be to + be +過去分詞”。例如:

  The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.

  All these books are to be taken to the library.

  4.被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別:“連系動詞+用作表語的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu),與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣,所以應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞是動詞,多強調(diào)動作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,多強調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通?捎胋y引出動作的執(zhí)行者,而后者則不可以。例如:

  The map was changed by someone.(被動結(jié)構(gòu))

  That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

  系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞通?杀籿ery修飾,被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞往往要用much修飾。

  例如:

  He was very excited.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

  He was much excited by her words.(被動結(jié)構(gòu))

  5.主動形式表被動意義。有些動詞的主動形式有被動意味,如open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write等。此時句子的主語一般是物。例如:

  These books sell well.這些書很暢銷。

  The door won’t shut.這門關(guān)不上。

  The clothes wash well.這些衣服很好洗。

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇3

  1. be good to對......友好be good for對......有益;be bad to…/be bad for…

  2. add up加起來增加add up to合計,總計add… to把......加到......

  3. not…until/till意思是“直到…才”

  4. get sth/sb done使......完成/使某人被......

  5. calm down平靜下來

  6. be concerned about關(guān)心關(guān)注

  7.當(dāng)while, when, before, after等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中的主語與主句的主語一致時,可將從句中的主語和be動詞省去。While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose.

  8. cheat in the exam考試作弊

  9. go through經(jīng)歷;度過;獲準,通過

  10. hide away躲藏;隱藏

  11. set down寫下,記下

  12. I wonder if…..我不知道是不是….

  12. on purpose故意

  13. sth happen to sb某人發(fā)生某事

  sb happen to do sth某人碰巧做某事it so happened that ......正巧碰巧

  14. It is the first (second…) that… (從句謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時)

  15. in one’s power處于......的控制之中

  16. It’s no pleasure doing….做…..沒有樂趣

  It’s no good/ use doing sth.做某事是沒好處/沒用的'

  17. She found it difficult to settle and calm down in the hiding place. it做形式賓語

  18. suffer from患…病;遭受

  19. so…that… /such…thay…

  20. get tired of….對…感到勞累疲憊

  21. have some trouble with sb/sth.在......上遇到了麻煩

  22. get along with sb/sth.與某人相處

  23. ask(sb)for advice. (向某人)征求建議

  24. make后接復(fù)合賓語,賓語補足語須用不帶to的不定式、形容詞、過去分詞、名詞等。常見的有以下幾種形式:make sb. do sth.讓(使)某人做某事make sb. /sth. +adj.使某人/物…make sb./ oneself +v-ed讓某人/自己被…When you speak, you should make yourself understood. make sb.+n.使某人成為…

  25. alone /lonely.單獨的/孤獨的

  26. I would be grateful if…委婉客氣提出請求

  27. Why not do….. = why don’t you do…

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇4

  虛擬條件句

  條件狀語從句是非真實情況,在這種情況下要用虛擬語氣。

  l-條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實不一致,句型為:If+主語十過去時,tiag+should (could,would,或might)+動詞原形,例如:If l were you,1 would study hard.

  2.條件從句與過去事實不一致,句型為:If+主語+had+過去分詞,主語+should(could, would,或might)+have+過去分詞,例如:If I had not studied hard.1would have failed in the exam last term

  3.條件從句與將來事實不一致,句型為:lf+主語+should/were to+do,主語+should( could.)+原形do,例如:If l were to go to the moon one day,I could see itwith my own eyes.

  注意:

  1.If條件句中絕對不可出現(xiàn)“would”。

  2.根據(jù)句中的時間狀語,有時可能出現(xiàn)“混合虛擬”的.情況,即主句可能是現(xiàn)在的情況,條件句也許是發(fā)生在過去的情況,但都遵守上述句型。

  3.在條件句中如果出現(xiàn)were,had,should可省去if

  將這些詞提前置于句首構(gòu)成倒裝,例如:w。re I to go tothe moon one clay,1 would see it with my own eyes.如果有一天我登上月球,我就可以親眼目睹它的樣子了。

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇5

  raise vt.“使……上升;升起;提高”等;

  rise vi.“上升;升起”;

  arise vi.“站起來(stand up)”,“起床(get up)”

  rise和arise用作站起,起床都屬正式用法;arise主要表示“出現(xiàn)、發(fā)生”等意思。

  She raised her voice in anger. (抬高)

  The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground. (刮起)

  The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother. (=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.) (爬起)

  She rises before it is light. (起床)

  Difficulties will arise as we do the work. (出現(xiàn))

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇6

  重點短語

  1. defend against保衛(wèi)…以免受

  2.intruduce sb tosb 向某人介紹某人

  3.kiss sb on somepart親吻某人的某個部位

  4.in defence 防御,保障

  5.together with 與某人一起

  6.be likely to 很可能…;有希望…

  7.reach one’s hand out to sth 把手伸出來取某物

  8.on the contrary 相反

  9.nod at sb 向某人點頭

  10.greet sbwith/by 通過…向某人問候

  11.express one’s feelings表達某人的感情

  12. in general 總的來說;通常

  13.at a job fair 在求職會上

  14.be nervousabout 對…感到緊張

  15. at ease 舒適;快活;自由自在

  16. lose face丟臉

  17.turn one’s back to 背對;背棄

  18.turn one’s head away 把頭轉(zhuǎn)過去

  19.be willing to 渴望…. , 愿意….

  20. look upsetabout sth 對.. 感到沮喪

  重點句型

  1. I saw several young people enter thewaiting area looking around curiously.

  我看見幾個年輕人走進了等候區(qū),好奇地向四周張望。

  2. The firstperson to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smithfrom Britain.第一個到達的是從哥倫比亞來的托尼?加西亞,隨后緊跟著的是英國的`茱莉亞?史密斯。

  3. She steppedback appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defense.

  她后退了幾步,看上去有些吃驚,并舉起了手,好像是在自衛(wèi)。

  4. Not allcultures greet each other the same way, Nor are they comfortable in the sameway with

  touching ordistance between people.

  各種文化背景下的人互致問候的方式不盡相同,身體接觸和相互間距的程度也不盡相同。

  5. We can often bewrong about each other, so it is an amazing thing that we understand each otheras well as we do.

  【重點詞匯、短語】

  1. take place 發(fā)生

  2. religious 宗教的

  3. in memory of 紀念

  4. belief 信任,信心,信仰

  5. dress up 盛裝,打扮

  6. trick 詭計,竅門

  7. play a trick on 搞惡作劇,詐騙

  8. gain 獲得

  9. gather 搜集,集合

  10. award 獎品,授予

  11. admire 贊美,欽佩

  12. look forward to 期望,盼望

  13. day and night 日夜

  14. as though 好像

  15. have fun with 玩的開心

  16. permission 許可,允許

  17. turn up 出現(xiàn),到場

  18. keep one’s word 守信用

  19. hold one’s breath 屏息

  20. apologize 道歉

  21. obvious 顯然的

  22. set off 出發(fā),動身,使爆炸

  【重點句型】

  1. Please make sure when and where the accident took place.

  請查清楚事故是何時何地發(fā)生的。

  2. Some festival are held to honour the dead, or satisfy and please the ancestors, who

  could return either to help or to do harm.

  還有一些節(jié)日,是為了紀念死者、滿足或取悅祖先,因為(祖先們)有可能回到世上幫助他們,也有可能帶來危害。

  3. In Japan the festival is called Obon,when people should go to clean the graves and

  light incense in memory of their ancestors.(非限制性定語從句)

  在日本,這個節(jié)叫孟蘭盆節(jié),在這個節(jié)日里,人們要上墳、掃墓、燒香,以緬懷祖先。

  4. They dress up and try to frighten people.

  他們喬裝打扮去嚇唬別人。

  5. If they are not given anything, the children might play a trick.

  如果你什么也不打發(fā)給孩子,他們可能會捉弄別人。

  6. In India there is a national festival on October 2 to honour Mahatma Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India's independence from Britain.

  在印度,10月2日是紀念馬哈特馬.甘地的全國性節(jié)日,他是幫助印度脫離英國而獨立的領(lǐng)袖。

  7. The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end

  of winter and to the coming of spring.

  最富生氣而又最重要的節(jié)日,就是告別冬天、迎來春天的日子。

  8. The country is covered with cherry tree flowers so that it looks as though it might be

  covered with pink snow.

  整個國度處處都是櫻花盛開,看上去就像罩上了一層粉紅色的雪。

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇7

  一、重點單詞及詞組

  1)starve

  2)plenty

  3)satisfy

  4)harm

  5)play a trick on sb

  6)memory

  7)admire

  8)look forward to

  9)take place

  10)Apologize

  11)set off

  12)as though

  二、句子講解

  1、Festivals are meant to celebrate important times of year.節(jié)日是專門用來慶祝一年的重要時刻的。

  2、Discuss when they take place,what they celebrate and what people do at that time.討論它們(中國節(jié)日)是什么時間舉行,慶祝的是什么事件,人們在那天做什么事。

  3....who might return either to help or to do harm.??(祖先們)有可能回到世上(給人們)提供幫助,也有可能帶來危害。

  4....people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors.??人們要掃墓、燒香,以緬懷祖先。

  5....because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth.??因為他們認為這樣做將會把祖先引回到世上。

  6....the leader who helped gain Indias independence from Britain.??幫助印度從英國手中贏得獨立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。

  7.Festivals let us enjoy life,be proud of our customs and forget our work for a little while.節(jié)日讓我們享受生活、以我們的.習(xí)俗而自豪并且讓我們暫時忘掉工作。

  8.But she didnt turn up.但她沒來。

  9.He would drown his sadness in coffee.他將把他的悲傷淹沒在咖啡里。

  10....he was not going to hold his breath for her to apologize.他不再凝神靜氣等著她道歉。

  三、語法知識

  本單元的重點語法知識是情態(tài)動詞,情態(tài)動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,但要與動詞原形及其被動語態(tài)一起使用,給謂語動詞增添情態(tài)色彩,表示說話人對有關(guān)行為或事物的態(tài)度和看法,認為其可能、應(yīng)該或必要等。情態(tài)動詞的分類、特點、用法。

  四、基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)題

  1.He traveled around the country g________ facts about folk songs.

  2.The man said he would rather s________ than betray for food.

  3.The o________of the custom is unknown.

  4.We have g________ rich experience in these years.

  5.Our school a_________Tom for his good work.

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇8

  過去分詞用在感觀動詞watch,notice,see,hear,listen to ,feel,find等后面。如

  When we got to school,we saw the door locked.

  We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.

  He felt himself cheated.

  The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.

  過去分詞用在want,wish,like ,expect等表示“希望,愿望”這一類動詞后面做賓補。如

  The boss wouldn't like the problem discussed at the moment.

  I would like my house painted white.

  I want the suit made to his own measure.

  I wish the problem settled.

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇9

  詞語歸納

  1)wild

  作形容詞,表示“野生的,野的,荒涼的`,不守規(guī)矩的”。

  be wild to do sth迫切地想做某事

  be wild with+抽象名詞,表示“……得發(fā)狂,因……而發(fā)狂的狀態(tài)”。

  be wild out 極其熱心或熱愛

  run wild自由生長,不受控制

  作名詞,表示“荒蕪人煙的地方,偏僻的地區(qū),荒野”。

  2)protect

  作動詞,表示“保護,警戒”,常與from連用。

  protect與against連用,表示“防御……攻擊”。

  名詞protection后面常與against,of連用。

  3)loss

  表示“損失”是可數(shù)名詞,常用復(fù)數(shù)。

  表示“遺失,丟失,喪失”。

  也可以表示戰(zhàn)斗,比賽中“打輸,失敗”,是不可數(shù)名詞。

  at a loss表示“不知所措,不知(如何是好),虧本地”。

  4)hunt

  表示“打獵,獵取”

  hunt for搜索,試圖找到 hunt sb/sth down對某人/某物窮追到底

  hunt sth up查尋

  作名詞,前面加冠詞。

  5)peace

  表示“和平,合約,和平時期”。

  be at peace with… 讓……平靜,與……和睦相處

  be in peace 安詳?shù)?make peace 和解 keep/break the peace 維持/破壞治安

  6)apply

  表示“申請,請求”。

  apply for…(to…)向……申請

  表示“應(yīng)用,使用”,其賓語后面接不定式,也可以用to+動名詞。

  apply to適用于,to是介詞。

  apply oneself to致力于,努力進行。

  7)suggest

  表示“建議,提議”后接名詞,動名詞,不接不定式,也可以接從句,從句中的謂語動詞由should+動詞原形構(gòu)成,should可以省略。

  表示“使人想起,表明”后接名詞或者是從句。

  也可以表示“暗示,啟發(fā)”,后接從句。

  高一英語知識點總結(jié) 篇10

  1. opccupation n. 居住、占用;職業(yè)

  occupational adj 與職業(yè)有關(guān)的

  occupier n. 居住者, 房客, 占領(lǐng)者

  occupy vt. 占, 占用, 占領(lǐng), 占據(jù)

  2.Reporter n. 記者, 新聞通訊員

  journalist n. 新聞記者, 從事新聞雜志業(yè)的人

  3.Profession n. 職業(yè), 專業(yè),

  professional adj. 專業(yè)的、職業(yè)的/ n.專業(yè)人員

  習(xí)慣用語:allied health professional 保健輔助人員

  4.Photograph n. 照片/ vt. 給......照相

  Photographer n. 攝影師

  5. Eager adj. 渴望的;熱切的

  eagerness n. 熱心

  6. concentrate v. 集中;聚集

  concentration n. 集中;集合

  concentration camp n. 集中營

  concentrate on 集中;全神貫注于

  例句:1)How can you concentrate on your work with so much noise going on?

  你怎能在這樣吵的環(huán)境下集中精神工作呢?

  2)I tried to concentrate my thoughts on the probkem.

  我努力讓自己的思緒集中在這個問題上面。

  Attentively 注意地, 留意地

  pay attention to 注意

  7.Course n. 過程, 經(jīng)過, 進程, 方針, 路線, 跑道, 課程, 一道菜

  a course in/on sth 課程

  a course of sth 療程

  8.Acquire vt. 獲得;取得;學(xué)到

  acquisition n. 獲得;獲得物

  9.Meanwhile n. 其間, 其時=meantime10. accuse vt. 控告, 譴責(zé),

  accuse ... of ... 因某事指責(zé)或控告某人

  例句:1)I accused her of cheating. 我指責(zé)她作弊。

  2)He was accused of murder and sent for trial. 他被控告謀殺并已送交審判。

  Accusation n. 指責(zé);控告;譴責(zé)

  11. deliberately adv. 故意地

  on purpose

  12. so as to(do sth) 為了做某事/以便作某事

  in order to do sth

  例句:We went early so as to get good seats. 我們提早去了,以便占到好位置。

  13. bribe vt. 向...行賄/n. 賄賂

  bribery n. 行賄, 受賄, 賄賂

  14. guilty adj. 犯罪的, 有罪的, 心虛的

  guilt n. 罪行, 內(nèi)疚

  15.imaginative adj. 想象的, 虛構(gòu)的

  image n. 圖象, 肖像, 偶像, 形象化的比喻, 極為相象, 映像, 典型

  imagine vt. 想象, 設(shè)想

  16. technical adj. 技術(shù)的, 技術(shù)上的, 技巧方面的

  technic n. 技術(shù), 手法

  technica n. 技術(shù)性細節(jié),技術(shù),技巧,技能

  technically adv. 技術(shù)上, 學(xué)術(shù)上, 工藝上

  17. defend vt. 防護, 辯護, 防衛(wèi),

  defence n. 防衛(wèi), 防衛(wèi)設(shè)備

  defend against防衛(wèi)...以免于

  18. crime n. 犯罪, 犯罪行為, 罪行, 罪惡

  criminal n. 罪犯, 犯罪者/adj. 犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪惡的

  criminally adv. 刑法上, 犯了罪地

  19. edition n. 版本, 版

  edit vt. 編輯, 校訂, 剪輯/n. 編輯工作

  editor n. 編輯, 編輯器, 編者

  20.employ vt. 雇用, 用, 使用

  employer n. 雇主, 老板

  employee n. 職工, 雇員, 店員

  employment n. 雇用, 使用, 利用, 工作, 職業(yè)

  21. polish vt. 擦亮, 發(fā)亮, 磨光, 推敲

  Polish adj. 波蘭(Poland)的

  22.chief n. 首領(lǐng), 領(lǐng)袖, 酋長, 長官,/adj. 主要的, 首要的, 首席的, 主任的

  Chief Executive Officer 執(zhí)行總裁,首席執(zhí)行官

  23. intention n. 意圖, 目的`

  intent n. 意圖, 目的, 意向/adj. 專心的, 決心的, 熱心的

  intentional adj. 有意圖的, 故意的

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