關(guān)于初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)集匯
。ㄒ唬 主謂一致
主謂一致是指一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致關(guān)系。一個(gè)句子中主謂一致,通常指三個(gè)基本原則:一致,即形式上一致;概念一致,即概念或意念上的一致;毗鄰一致,即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式與鄰近的名詞一致。
一、 語(yǔ)法一致原則
1、 在通常情況下,一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上保持一致。即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)也為單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)也為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
This exercise on English idioms is not easy.這個(gè)短語(yǔ)練習(xí)不容易。
2、 在“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)中, “be”的單復(fù)數(shù)取決與后面主語(yǔ)的數(shù).如:
There has been little change in this city.這個(gè)城市沒(méi)有多少變化。
3、“one of”結(jié)構(gòu),位于用單數(shù),“two of”結(jié)構(gòu)位于用復(fù)數(shù)
One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。
Two of the boys have lost their way home.有兩個(gè)男孩回家迷路了。
3、 倒裝句的主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之后,避免誤用。
Never before has she been to Paris!她以前從未去過(guò)巴黎。
二、 概念一致
1、 主語(yǔ)是抽象概念、短語(yǔ)或從句,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。如:
To tell lies is wrong.說(shuō)謊是不正確的。(不定式做主語(yǔ))
Keeping the house is a tiring job.管理家務(wù)是一件很勞累的事。(動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ))
How this happened is not clear to anyone.(從句做主語(yǔ))
注意:
。1) 用what或which引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句或簡(jiǎn)單句中的數(shù)的概念取決于后面的表語(yǔ),因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谶壿嬌系囊饬x是相同的。如:
Which is your seat?你的座位是哪一個(gè)?
Which are your seats?你們的座位是哪些?
。2) 單個(gè)的分詞作主語(yǔ),不定式作主語(yǔ),以及主語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù),若用連接上述的相同兩個(gè)成分,謂語(yǔ)才用復(fù)數(shù)。
2、 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語(yǔ)用and和both連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
3、 and連接的并列主語(yǔ)指同一人或同一樣?xùn)|西,and后的名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);若有,則用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.我的密友兼顧問(wèn)又改變他的想法了。
My friend and the student Sue are in the classroom.我的朋友和那位叫蘇的同學(xué)在教室里。
a. 若and后面加not,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如:
Lilei,and not I, has won the game.是 Lilei贏了比賽,而不是我。
b. 用and 連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ),前面有each,every,many a,no等詞修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
c. 復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)前加each,謂語(yǔ)仍用復(fù)數(shù)。
d. no后面名詞為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);后為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
三、 毗鄰一致
由not only…but also,neither…nor…,either…or…,or 連接的`并列主語(yǔ),在肯定句中謂語(yǔ)變化取決于后面的餓主語(yǔ),在疑問(wèn)句中取決于前面的主語(yǔ)。如;
Either he or I am mistaken.他和我都沒(méi)錯(cuò)。
Either he or you are to go there.不是他就是你要到那兒去。
。ㄔ斠(jiàn)下冊(cè)P155~P156)
。ǘ 虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,而不是事實(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過(guò)句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表現(xiàn)的,因此,掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的各種謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化,是掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣的關(guān)鍵。
一、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在簡(jiǎn)單句中的用法
虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于簡(jiǎn)單句中,一般表示祝愿、命令等。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用原形。
二、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主從復(fù)合句中的用法
。1) 在狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法
1、 條件句中的用法
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件句是用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表現(xiàn)與現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況或?qū)?lái)發(fā)生的情況表示懷疑,和直陳語(yǔ)氣條件句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式以及表達(dá)的含義完全不同。虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中所用的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等,只表示不同的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,和直陳語(yǔ)氣的過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等毫無(wú)關(guān)系。
現(xiàn)將虛擬語(yǔ)氣的各種具體形式和用法分述如下;
a. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況
、傩问
條件從句的動(dòng)詞形式 主句的動(dòng)詞形式
If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式一般用were) I (we) should
You (he,she , +動(dòng)詞原形或:
they,it ) would
所有人稱+might(could)+動(dòng)詞原形
②用法:
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
b. 表示與過(guò)去誓死相反的情況
、傩问;
條件從句的動(dòng)詞形式 主句的動(dòng)詞形式
If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+過(guò)去分詞 I (we) should
You (he,she , +have+過(guò)去分詞或:
they,it ) would
所有人稱+could(might)+have+過(guò)去分詞
、谟梅ǎ
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
c. 表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的情況
、傩问剑
條件從句的動(dòng)詞形式 主句的動(dòng)詞形式
a. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式一般用were)通常要與一個(gè)表將來(lái)的時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用
b. If (we,you,he,she,it,they)+should
+動(dòng)詞原形
c. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+were to+動(dòng)詞原形 I (we) should
You would +動(dòng)詞原形或:
he(she,it ) would
they would
I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+could(might)+動(dòng)詞原形
、谟梅ǎ
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were to +動(dòng)詞原形,表示 下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain 都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加強(qiáng)表示“當(dāng)初沒(méi)想到以后的事”)
c. 混合時(shí)間條件句的用法:
有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的 時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式,應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表達(dá)的具體時(shí)間來(lái)決定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過(guò)去,主句敘述現(xiàn)在。)
。╢act: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在,從句敘述過(guò)去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
2、 在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though) 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be 變were )或had +過(guò)去分詞!
如:
She looked as if she were ill.(實(shí)際上她沒(méi)有病,在這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)語(yǔ)比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表現(xiàn)他的 英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好)
。2)、在主語(yǔ)從句中的用法:
通常由形式主語(yǔ)it引出的主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表達(dá)。主語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”;表示“必要”“重要”“奇怪”等意思。
It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work.下班后你必須清掃車間。
It is important that we should ask advice of other people about our work.在中,征求別人的意見(jiàn)是很重要的。
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